Introduction
Colorectal cancer is a prevalent malignancy that affects the colon or rectum, parts of the digestive system responsible for processing and eliminating waste. It is one of the most common types of cancer globally, with incidence rates varying across regions. While colorectal cancer can occur in individuals of any age, it predominantly affects older adults, with the risk increasing with age. Most cases of colorectal cancer develop from precancerous polyps, which can be detected and removed during screening procedures, such as colonoscopies, potentially preventing the progression to cancer.
Symptoms of colorectal cancer can include changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, unintended weight loss, and fatigue. Early-stage colorectal cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, highlighting the importance of routine screening, particularly for individuals with risk factors such as a family history of colorectal cancer, a personal history of inflammatory bowel disease, or a sedentary lifestyle. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as colonoscopies and CT scans, and tissue biopsy for confirmation.
Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer, its location, and the patient’s overall health. Common treatment modalities include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The prognosis for colorectal cancer has improved significantly in recent years, largely due to advancements in early detection and treatment. However, challenges remain, particularly in ensuring widespread access to screening programs and optimizing treatment strategies for advanced-stage disease. Continued research efforts are focused on developing more effective therapies and refining screening guidelines to further reduce the burden of colorectal cancer and improve patient outcomes.
Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer can vary depending on the tumour’s location. Common signs include:
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